What Is Anthropology How Does Observing With An...

What is anthropology? How does observing with an anthropological manner help us understand the world? According to Kenneth Guest, anthropology is: â€Å"The study of the full scope of human diversity, past and present, and the application of that knowledge to help people of different backgrounds better understand one another† (Guest 7). Anthropology helps one better understand and engage with the world as he or she moves through it. Specifically, cultural anthropology is: â€Å"The study of people s communities, behaviors, beliefs, institutions, including how people make means as they live, work, and play together† (Guest 16). Where culture, is the learned and shared knowledge that people use to generate behavior and interpret experience (Leynse†¦show more content†¦I spoke to a few e-board members discussing as to why I was here. One of the e-board members, took it upon herself to teach and inform me about the their club culture. Thus, BK* became my key inform ant. I decided to do my fieldwork in an participation observant manner (involves both participation in and observation of the life of the people being studied (Guest 82)). Based on the sign in sheets provided by BK, on average about 20 QC students attend the meetings. Since Queens College is a multi-cultural society, people from all walks of life attend these meetings, Hindus and non-Hindus. Usually at the meetings, the e-board members (comprised of 4 people) discuss upcoming events, goals and plans for the club, and new ideas to better the club. However, the day I observed, the club was having e-board elections. All the positions, (President, Vice President, Secretary, and Treasure) were open. BK told me: â€Å"Any HSA member, including current e-board members, can run for a position. Each runner will provide a short speech as to why he or she should be elected. Once all the speeches are done, the members will vote on who they think is the most qualified for a position. But the c urrent e-board has the final say. The e-board will take into consideration into what everyone has said and decide based on that.† The e-board said I was allowed to vote for whomever I thought was best fit for each position. As time progressed, the room in the Student Union buildingShow MoreRelatedCultural Anthropology : An Understanding Of Humanity s Greatest Medicine1795 Words   |  8 Pagesancient as human gestures, and has transformed how one looks at the world. For example, ancient writers used this device to criticize societal norms. During Medieval Times, jokers made a profession out of this human characteristic. Humor survived up until modern times and is present in academia. A field that explores the manners in which humor makes an interesting presence is Anthropology. The focus of this paper will be based on cultural anthropology; specifically within the sector of art and entertainment;Read MoreGoogle Organizational Culture9872 Words   |  40 Pages(1): 99-112, 2010 ISSN 1549-3652  © 2010 Science Publications Cultural Issues in the Business World: An Anthropological Perspective Michael P. Lillis and Robert Guang Tian Department of Business, Medaille College, New York Abstract: The significance of cultural influence on business has been widely recognized in both academic and business circles. 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We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about

The Debate Of Hip Hop Music - 1509 Words

A constant debate amongst society is whether or not certain genres of music have an impact on the behavior of listeners, whether that impact is positive or negative. Would a person steal because of a song they heard? Would a person murder another human due to the lyrics of their favorite song? Questions like these are often asked and very rarely answered. The main genre of debate: hip hop music. Though the debate continues to go on in today’s society, the answer has never been given. In fact, some research shows that hip -hop music can have a generally positive effect on listeners. Music has always been in the middle of debates, and more specifically, rap music has always been questioned since it became popular back in the 1980’s. When they first entered the scene, all music has gone through a stage of being questioned about it’s content, respectfully. For example, jazz music was said to promote drug use and was called a bad influence on the youth, and Rock and R oll superstars like Elvis were said to be harmful to listeners. Those respected genres have been popular for years now, but hip-hop music is constantly thrown under the rug. The purpose of this paper is to show that, while it is often debated, rap music has a generally positive effect on its listeners. Nowadays, there is increasingly more research occurring about what the results sincerely are from rap songs and if rap tunes may be the only issue in influencing delinquent behavior in human beings and specificallyShow MoreRelatedYouth Cultures ( Educ 817- 001 )908 Words   |  4 PagesAndorful In order to prove that the Hip-Hop culture’s beliefs and goals have changed, I am mostly going to rely heavily on the culture’s music. Hip-Hop music has been the voice of the Hip-Hop culture since the beginning. It has been an outlet for those in the Hip-Hop culture to vent. To understand the changes in beliefs for the culture of Hip-Hop I must first distinguish what the original beliefs were. Then I must look at Hip-Hop music now to compare and contrast. This must be done usingRead MoreComparative Essay920 Words   |  4 Pagesinto the Life of Hip-Hop The misunderstood subculture of music that many have come to know as â€Å"hip-hop† is given a critical examination by James McBride in his essay Hip-Hop Planet. McBride provides the reader with direct insight into the influence that hip-hop music has played in his life, as well as the lives of the American society. From the capitalist freedom that hip-hop music embodies to the disjointed families that plague this country, McBride explains that hip-hop music has a place for everyoneRead MoreHip-Hop Culture Essay987 Words   |  4 Pages Hip-hop culture began to develop in the south Bronx area of New York City during the 1970s. It had a significant influence in the music industry. 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There have been voluminous scholars talking about it yet the argument is unquenched. Misogyny in hip hop society has its core deep in the American ethos, and it has its outcome on the same nation. Misogyny in songs is taking ringRead MoreRacial Appropriation In Hip Hop714 Words   |  3 PagesMatthew Post AFAS 371 December 4, 2016 Racial Appropriations Since the birth of hip hop and its culture, white people have been making appropriating its ideas and imitating its culture. Appropriation happens when one culture or race takes or â€Å"borrows† the art, music, or literature of another culture or race. In the case of hip hop, it is often that the white culture steals from the blacks. Racial appropriation is a very clear theme throughout 8 Mile, a movie in which a white protagonist strugglesRead MoreAn Insider Of The Subculture Know Hip Hop923 Words   |  4 Pagessubculture know as hip-hop. Quin Smith is a 24-year-old African American male employee at Geico, as a Sales Representative and close friend. He is 5’2, with short wavy black hair, that typically wear collar t- shirts, dark blue jeans, and his favorite pair of white shoes. Now, to you he may seem like a short nerd with no life (lol) but, not true. I mean, he is a nerd, but a handsome vibrant nerd that loves to have fun At the age of eleven Mr. Smith started listening to hip-hop music after purchasingRead MoreThe Youth Oriented Hip Hop Movement1498 Words   |  6 Pageslikely to â€Å"†¦unite in opposition to the dominant culture†. A music genre that distinctly demonstrates such is the hip-hop movement. The youth-oriented hip-hop movement finds its significance in the lives of African-American youths in urban working class settings and their resistance to authority, as well as allowing them to voice their identity and address common issues concerning race, gang activity, drugs, violence, and sex. While hip-hop has been suggested to have negative impacts on youths in contemporaryRead MoreA Response to â€Å"Hip Hop: a Roadblock or Pathway to Black Empowerment†1110 Words   |  5 PagesLancaster ENGL- 1301 18 September, 2012 A Response to â€Å"Hip Hop: A Roadblock or pathway to Black Empowerment† Geoffrey Bennett’s article Hip Hop: A Roadblock or Pathway to Black Empowerment illustrates the influence hip hop and rap music has had on not only the music industry but mainstream culture, African Americans to be specific. Geoffrey Bennett, a senior English Major from Voorhees, New Jersey goes over many aspects of how hip hop came to be â€Å"the forefront of American attention.† He starts

Quality Management and Customer Service Excellent Structure

Question: Discuss about theQuality Management and Customer Servicefor Excellent Structure. Answer: Introduction The word quality is coming trendy in the present generation which on the continues usage lost the actual meaning of it and now it has been found to be associated wrongly with the terms such as high grade quality, excellent structure and others which are not relevant. The quality of any product can be defined as the products ability of meeting the requirements that are stated. For instance if an application of the software is able to deliver the functions that are stated exactly as per the specification in the technical review then it is said to be of high level quality. The main point to be noted here is it is not bothered about the cultured functions (Walker Walker, 2012). The only thing that matters in terms of quality is the meeting of the essential procedures to known whether the functions are met or not. The three major processes that are involved in the quality management are as follows: Quality Control It is the process of checking and also the testing of the procedures that needs to be verified regarding the producer or service that is specific in its performance and also the operations that are being delivered appropriately according to the requirements of the specifications that are stated in terms of technical (Mok, Sparks, Kadampully, 2013). Therefore quality control in this case study can be said as the standard operating procedures that are set. Quality Assurance It can be defined as the quality control for the quality control. If assurance is required by the stakeholders with respect to the procedures of the quality controls and their validity then for the identification of the variance from the requirements stated then quality assurance comes into the picture (Buhalis Crotts, 2013). Hence it can be defines as the process through which the procedures of the quality control are actually tested to know the validity. However the quality assurance can be defined as the tool that has been designed for reviewing the activities of the quality control managing for making the surety (Chan Hsu, 2016). Eventually when planning for the activities of the quality management quality assurance has to be adopted and also in the case when the procedures of the quality control are found not to be appropriate and therefore needs the improvement. Quality Planning The activities involved in the quality management are planned which are need to take part in the desired project or in the operation that is going on. The quality of the service that is provided to the customers is expected to be in a consistent manner by the customers. The response should be in a similar way with a kind of familiar look and also the feel in however way they make a contact and also whenever they might contact the company (Testa Sipe, 2012). For meeting the needs of the customer it can only be achieved by providing the customers service of good quality. The products should be designed properly and the processes involved should also be well designed so that the needs of the customers can be met often. Though the quality management is good in the company and not providing the quality customer service then it is not appreciated both of them should be simultaneously maintained for a good reputation for the business (Jesus et al, 2014). Findings From the research findings it has been found that the introduction of the quality management and its implementation along with the quality customers service results in the world class business which can be noted form the topics discussions of the articles including the quality management introduction and its implementation along with concepts involved in it and the principles that are followed and the customers service role in the quality management studies has also revealed the importance of the criteria for the research carried on (Okumus, 2013). Quality Management Introduction and its Implementation The approach for the management in the 1950s has been originated as the total quality management which has been progressively increasing and became more popular in the year 1980s. The description for the quality can be given as the attitude, culture and the entire organization of a particular company which tries hard for providing the customers with the services and the products that are to the satisfactory needs of the customers. For the culture to maintain quality is the requirement for all the aspects in the operations that are carried in the company and also the processes that are used for the first time and finding the defects and eradicating them along with waste from the desired operations (Sisson Adams, 2013). In this total quality management method for the improvement of the goods and services production the management and the employees work together with the involvement. It can be defined as the combination of both the quality and also the tools of management which aimed f or the business growth and in the loss reduction because of the practices that are of no use. The integration of all the function of the organization in focusing the meeting of the needs of the customers and the objectives of organization can be termed as the total quality management (Poutier Fyall, 2013). The view of quality management from the organization is in the form of process collection. Its main aim is on the improvement of the process by extracting knowledge from the experiences of the employees. The activities that lay foundation for the total quality management is as follows: Employees and senior management commitments Requirements of the customers are to be met The number of cycled required for development should be reduced Manufacturing should be on demand flow in time Planning should be according to the strategies and it should facilitated the systems improvement The principles that are involved in this quality management are: The commitment to the management by appropriate planning and by support is given to it by employees by their participation and reviewing the process and recognizing the requirements (Brown, Arendt Bosselman, 2014). Empowerment in the employee is bought by giving them enough training and suggestions when required by measuring the process improvements and the team excellence in the performance. The decisions are made based on the facts of the statistical analysis of the data for the quality improvement and the process control. Improvements is made continuously by focusing on the systematic measurements and the team excellence for managing the process in a cross functional manner and also the standards should be improved (Israeli, 2014). The concepts for continuous improvements can be made by following the three main mechanisms that are responsible for prevention: 1) occurrence of mistakes should be prevented 2) it is not possible to prevent them absolutely so it should be detected in the early stages and should stop form passing to the supply chain 3) production should be stopped and process should be corrected for preventing the defects (Pizam, 2013). Customer Service Role in Quality Management Quality management is the effort from the management on continuous basis with the commitment from the employees forms a specific company striving for quality improvement of their products and services. The quality of the business product has to more emphasize than the quantity on the top priority for them to compete with the market competition. The principle that is involved in the total quality management and on which it works is quite simple. The individuals responsibility is to deliver the products that are of good quality and should offer services to the customers which are the key factor that is associated with any type of organization. The ideas for the improvements are not only to be made by the management but also it is encouraged for the view of the customers, clients intact, employees etc. for making the systems foolproof along with the processes for delivering the products that are of quality which are meeting the needs of the customers and also exceeding the expectations of the users (Van der Wagen Goonetilleke, 2015). In the quality management the main that is played is by the customer. For the business to be successful in the market place it has to gain lot of customers for its products and the services offered. There might be various other parameters involved but the key one is the customer who decides the success for the organization and also the failure if any (Gopalakrishnan, Mehta Joshi, 2016). The marketers in the business have to focus mainly on the end users and their exact expectations form the organization. Regular monitoring of the feedback from the customers with careful attitude before taking any big strategically ideas for the business is recommended (Brotherton, 2013). Assurance is provided by the total quality management in understating the customers that are targeted well if decided to make changes in any of the systems and the processes for delivering the products of the superior quality for getting the satisfaction from the customers in a good way. To the fact it is said that introduction of total quality management by any organization is for increasing the base of the customers and their level of satisfaction. There is no existence of business without customers who are loyal (Moolman Wilkinson, 2015). Conclusion In this case study the quality management and the customer service role has been discussed and their importance along with the correlation of both criterias with each other. From the overall research studies it has been identified that without quality management there are no customers for the organization to maintain the business and even if the quality products or services are offered without proper customer service and response to the customers there is no existence of the business so both are directly proportional and should go hand in hand. Quality is considered to be the positive result from all the activities such as improvement on continuous basis, planning etc. which are taking place in the organization. It says that for the process of improvement all employees and managers have to participate. Organization requires both qualities in culture and also in systems. Recommendations Product quality is defined not only in terms of the packaging, reliability on the products, delivery on timely basis, durability and many more but in addition it requires experience of the customers from over all aspects in association with organization is required. If a customer is not satisfied then it will lead to business loss. In the industries meant for service, interaction of employees with customers is must with sensibility, care and professionally for making happy customers. Acquire feedback from the customers by designing some special forms for them to share their views about your products and services. It can either be favorable or unfavorable to the organization. The unfavorable comments are supposed to be ignored. Sine quality management is involved suggestions and ideas for the improvement of the systems and the process had to be planned while delivering the expectations of the customers. References Brotherton, B. (2013). Hospitality and hospitality.In Search of Hospitality. Brown, E. A., Arendt, S. W., Bosselman, R. H. (2014). Hospitality management graduates perceptions of career factor importance and career factor experience.International Journal of Hospitality Management,37, 58-67. Buhalis, D., Crotts, J. (2013).Global alliances in tourism and hospitality management. Routledge. Chan, E. S., Hsu, C. H. (2016). Environmental management research in hospitality.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,28(5). Gopalakrishnan, P., Mehta, A., Joshi, H. G. (2016). Students perception and expectation of hospitality educational curriculum: A case study of undergraduates of hospitality management at WGSHA manipal university.Indian jouranal of applied hospitality and tourism research,8, 3-19. Israeli, A. A. (2014). An inter-paradigmatic agenda for research, education and practice in hospitality management.International Journal of Hospitality Management,42, 188-191. Jesus, B. M., Contreiras, J. P., Jorge, F., Carrasco, P. (2014). Corporate Social Responsibility as a source of attracting talent: building an Iberian framework of analysis in the Tourism and Hospitality Management Sector.Europa Cidad: pessoas, empresas e instituies, 205. Moolman, H. J., Wilkinson, A. C. (2015). Do hospitality management curricula at public higher education institutions in South Africa comply with the standards suggested by a research-based competence framework?. Mok, C., Sparks, B., Kadampully, J. (2013).Service quality management in hospitality, tourism, and leisure. Routledge. Okumus, F. (2013). Facilitating knowledge management through information technology in hospitality organizations.Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology,4(1), 64-80. Pizam, A. (2013). On Publication of Journal of Tourism Economics, Policy and Hospitality Management.Journal of Tourism Economics, Policy and Hospitality Management,1(1), 2. Poutier, E., Fyall, A. (2013).Revenue management for hospitality and tourism. P. Legohrel (Ed.). Woodeaton: Goodfellow Publishers. Sisson, L. G., Adams, A. R. (2013). Essential hospitality management competencies: The importance of soft skills.Journal of Hospitality Tourism Education,25(3), 131-145. Testa, M. R., Sipe, L. (2012). Service-leadership competencies for hospitality and tourism management.International journal of hospitality management,31(3), 648-658. Van der Wagen, L., Goonetilleke, A. (2015).Hospitality Management, Strategy and Operations. Pearson Higher Education AU. Walker, J. R., Walker, J. T. (2012).Introduction to hospitality management. Pearson Higher Ed.

Zimpfer vs. Palm Beach County Case free essay sample

Palm Beach County† case is about a lawsuit filed by Mr. Bryce Zimpfer against Palm Beach County alleging a violation of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act. Mr. Zimpher, age 52, has worked for the county’s employee relations area and this employment had lasted for 16 years. There was a vacancy which was advertised by the county for the position of employee relations manager, a position which Mr. Zimpfer decided to apply for. After considering all the applications, the county chose a candidate, Mr. Brad Merriman, age 33, to fill this position. Mr. Zimpfer then decided to file a complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EOOC) and hired an attorney, Ms. Lynn Szymoniak to pursue his case. Armed with a favorable report from an I/O psychologist, Dr. Marcy Josephs, Ms. Szymoniak is now attempting to reach a settlement with Palm Beach County’s legal representatives. Critical Issues ADEA Requirements and Prima Facie Evidence In order to establish a prima facie case against Palm Beach County, Mr. We will write a custom essay sample on Zimpfer vs. Palm Beach County Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Zimpfer and his attorney would have to provide evidence that would meet certain requirements. The requirements are: 1) proving that Mr. Zimpfer is older than 39 and therefore protected under the ADEA; 2) Mr. Zimpfer is able to perform satisfactorily at some absolute or relative level; 3) Mr. Zimpfer was nor hired, promoted, or compensated, or was discharged, laid off, or forced to retire; and 4) that the position was filled by a person younger than Mr. Zimpfer. Mr. Zimpfer would not have any problem providing the evidence needed to satisfy requirements 1, 3, and 4. Requirement 2 on the other hand might be a little tricky to prove. ADEA Requirements for Conclusive Evidence and Relevant Court Cases Though Mr. Zimpfer’s attorney was able to get a report from an I/O psychologist, Dr. Josephs, which verifies his ability to perform the duties described in the ad for the managerial position, the county could also get its own expert to rebut this psychologist’s findings in the report. If Dr. Josephs is able to convince this jury then there is sufficient evidence to conclusively prove that Mr. Zimpfer was a victim of discrimination, since her report shows that he is clearly more qualified for the position than Mr. Merriman is. Critical Evaluation of the I/O Psychologist Report Though Dr. Josephs’ report looks comprehensive, it could be considered to be lacking all the information needed to conclude who the best candidate for the position is. To come up with scores, Dr. Josephs did not take into consideration the conversations the interviewer had with each candidate. Though Mr. Zimpher’s resume may have showed that he possessed all the skill she gave him credit for, those written words don’t necessarily translate to actions. It could be that he was not able to convince the interview panel that he actually possessed those skills. Mr. Merriman on the other hand could have been more convincing during his interview. He might not have the experience of Mr. Zimpfer but he could possess more knowledge of the particular skills that are needed for this position. Since Zimpfer had been working with the county for 16 years, they would be able to get some more information about him from his past and present supervisors. Likewise, the county could have received very positive recommendations sent by Mr. Merriman’s previous employers on his behalf. Dr. Josephs didn’t have access to these and therefore could not consider these key pieces of information when filling out her work requirement matrix. It also could be that she intentionally left out information that would be unfavorable to her client. Potential Additional Evidence Needed for Zimpfer There is some additional evidence that Mr. Zimpfer could introduce to show that the county did in fact discriminate against him. He could produce the job performance reports he has received while working for the county that show him to be an exemplary worker, and recommend him for promotion. This combined with the I/O psychologist’s report would help him meet the second requirement needed to establish a prima facie. He could also look to see if Palm Beach County has a trend of passing up older employees for younger employees when filling up managerial positions. Potential Rebuttal Evidence Needed for the County The attorney for the HR manager for Palm Beach County could introduce some additional evidence that would help prove that his client did not discriminate against Mr. Zimpfer. He could introduce transcripts of the interviews of both men which would help prove that Mr. Merriman performed better than Mr. Zimpfer did. He could also produce proof of Mr. Merriman having a better academic qualification than Mr. Zimpfer does. This would help prove that he decided to go with academic qualification instead of on the job experience when deciding which candidate to pick. He could then provide evidence that would put into question the credibility of the I/O psychologist. If successful, this would discredit her report and have a significant negative impact on the Mr. Zimpfer’s case since its success is mostly hinged on the jury accepting and believing Dr. Josephs’ report. Conclusions Recommendations to the county Overall I think Palm Beach County did discriminate against Mr. Zimpfer. They gave the job to someone who appears to be less qualified for the position than Mr. Zimpfer is, but also much younger than he is and would cost less. This being the case, I would recommend they settle the suit outside the court. If they were to lose this case, it would set up a precedent which would enable other aggrieved employees, present or past, to file more ADEA suits against Palm Beach County. Future Preventive Actions Needed I the long term, I would advise Palm Beach County to be more meticulous in their candidate search. If they do decide to hire someone much younger than another applicant, they should make sure he is clearly more qualified for the job than the older candidate is. I would also recommend recording or keeping minutes of each interview. This would provide some evidence to counter an unfavorable report from an I/O psychologist.

CDA Competency Statement (Example) Essays

CDA Competency Statement (Example) Essays CDA Competency Statement (Example) Paper CDA Competency Statement (Example) Paper Competency Statement 1 The goals in my classroom are to achieve the objective of safety by providing the children with safe environment and equipped children to explore without any injuries. Another goal is to promote healthy habits. Another one is to promote a good age appropriate learning environment. Competency Goal 1 healthy learning environment Functional Area 1: Learning Environment: One of my goals is to maintain a safe environment for the children in my care to play and explore in. This is an important goal for me to have because without a safe environment there is. The space should be attractive and have a home ike feeling that reflects various cultures and diversity. For parents, emergency plans, important phone numbers and resource information should be up a t all times. One should have a balance of quiet and active centers, wet and dry centers, cooperative and solitary play centers and a schedule with a balance of inside and outside play Competency Goal 2 Functional Area 2: Safe. Candidate provides a safe environment to prevent and reduce injuries. To establish and maintain a safe, healthy learning environment my number one goal is to keep my children safe while they are in my care. I always make sure that I am aware of the entire possible ituation that involves an injury.Competency Goal 3 Functional Area 3: Healthy. Candidate provides an environment that promotes healthy and prevents illness, and teaches children about good nutrition and practices that promotes. By modeling and teaching best practices of washing hands often, exercise, eating healthy foods and snacks. By providing healthy meals to promote good health this helps the children on the long run from being overweight and obese. We try to plan our meals by using the USDA Food Pyramid and we provide water at any time of day and at meals also. We also encourage the parents to give their children a variety.

Spain essays

Spain essays Canaria has central mountains and rich valleys. Las Palmas, the largest city of the Canary Islands, lies on Gran Canaria. Fuerteventura is flatter, drier, and less populated than Tenerife and Gran Canaria. Spain climate is sunny and hot, but it is good weather. The Meseta and other inland regions of Spain have dry, sunny weather throughout the year. These regions, which make up most of Spain, have hot summers and cold winters. The average temperature fo some areas rises above 80 F (27 C) in July, the hottest month. It may fall below 30 F (1 C) in January, the coldest month. Summer and winter droughts-broken only by occasional rainstorms-are common. In addition, steady winds often whip up the dry s l. Snow covers upper mountain slopes in the Meseta region during most of the winter. Mild, rainy winters alternate with hot, dry, sunny summers in the Coastal Plains and the Balearic Islands. The average January temperature rarely falls below 40 F (4 Â ° , and the average July temperature usually rises to almost 80 F (27 C). Short, heavy rainstorms are common in winter. But summer droughts last up to three months in some areas. The dry, sunny summers attract millions of vacationers to the Balearic Is nds and to Costa Brava, Costa Del Sol, and other famous resort areas along Spain's Mediterranean coast. The Canary Islands, also a popular vacation area, have mild to warm temperatures all year. Winds from the Atlantic Ocean bring mild, wet weather to e Northern Mountains in all seasons. The region has Spain's heaviest precipitation (rain, snow, and other forms of moisture). Rain falls much of the time throughout the year, usually in a steady drizzle. There are many cloudy, humid days, and fog and mi often roll in from the sea. This region's heaviest precipitation comes in winter, when the upper mountain ranges usually build up deep snow. In January, the average temperature in the regi...

WEEK 2 DQ 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

WEEK 2 DQ 2 - Assignment Example Another difference is that the ERG theory considers a random movement of the needs in the hierarchy, whereas Maslow’s theory considers a systematic satisfaction of the needs starting from the bottom to the top. The third difference also relates to the movement within the hierarchy (Loh, Dawn, & Schapper, p. 14). The ERG theory states that a person can move backwards in the satisfaction of their needs, while Maslow’s theory states that once a need is satisfied the situation becomes permanent. I have applied the ERG theory in various ways. For instance, there was a time when I became sick and had an admission at the hospital. The treatment took a whole week and I could not manage to pay the bill because the money I had was meant for the college semester that followed. However, I had to employ the ERG theory and moved backwards in the hierarchy. I used the money meant for my school fee to clear the hospital

Is there a world food crisis If so, why Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Is there a world food crisis If so, why - Essay Example Floods have devastated Australia and Brazil’s agricultural production. Global weather trends in last year are exerting immense pressure on global food system which was already struggling to avoid a major breakdown (Micheal, n.d.). Linking with 2008 food crisis According to World Bank (2011) facts and figures, before the emergence of fuel and financial crisis, 1.1 billion people were living on less than one dollar a day. Another 923 million people were undernourished. Food prices continuously remain volatile. Despite of falling prices on international level, local food prices have not come down. According to Wiggin (2010) the fact is that 2008 food crisis was never actually left the world. It is true that we didn’t see food riots during 2009 and warehouse stores, such as Costco didn’t ration 20 pound packet of rice, however, the supplies continued to stay tight. Price for food items, such as, corn and wheat remained lower than that of 2008’s point; however, they never went at the point of pre-2008 food crisis. Primary farm commodities’ prices went higher in 2010 with corn 63 percent up, wheat 84 percent, sugar 55 percent, and soybean 24 percent up. Factor inducing global food crisis Global food shortages are ringing alarming bells for world leaders as it forced emergency meetings at U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization who stressed the need of immediate action(cited in Activist,2011).There are many reasons to this global food crisis, most cited are extreme weather conditions(Activist,2011)increasing population in particular in developing countries (Alexakha,2011) supply/demand imbalance(Brown,2011), and food (or oil) commodity speculation(Activist,2011). Supply-demand imbalance In past years, weather fluctuations caused a spike in commodity prices; however, it is both sides of the supply and demand equation that are directing the prices upwards now. If we consider demand side, the major factors are population growth, increasi ng affluence, and grains use to make fuel. While on supply side, the major culprits are soil erosion, aquifer depletion, plateauing of crop yield in certain agriculturally advanced countries, utilization of agricultural land for non-agricultural purposes, supply of irrigation water to cities (Brown, 2011). The supply and demand imbalance is being driven by increasing affluence, population growth. Increasing wealth in emerging economies, such as China and India where middle class is expanding and converting from grain diet to meat diet(Miller,2011).According to Brown(2011) nearly 3 billion people are moving up the food chain because they are eating more quantities of grain-intensive meat products. Milk, meat, and eggs consumption is increasing in developing countries. Currently, China’s meat needs are approximately double than that of USA’s. Furthermore, the world population is approximately doubled since 1970s.Every year; world population is increasing 80 million. Ever y night, there are 219,000 more

Revolutions and insurgencies Essay Example for Free

Revolutions and insurgencies Essay Today and Tomorrow – 4th and 5th Generation Warfare The generational theory of warfare indicates a near orderly transformation of wars from the Napoleonic era to the present day, some what neatly divided into four eras. Levee en masse and the concept of nations at wars led to what is referred to as 1st generation warfare. On the other hand an age dominated by firepower spanning the First World War denotes the 2nd generation of wars, while 3rd Generation warfare includes and transcends the Second World War and was dominated by maneuver. Today’s warfare is the next generation of wars which are targeted at the opponents political will and not necessarily the military and are fought by a series of networks operating in tandem, political, social, economic and military. This era is being increasingly referred to as 4th Generation wars. (Hammes, 2004). 4th Generation warfare is one in which monopoly of the state over war has been broken by the non state actor, be it the Al Qaeda, the Tamil Tigers, Hezbollah or the Taliban. In some cases the state and the non state actor seem to be acting in tandem as the recent war in the Middle East denotes where the Hezbollah was considered by many as a proxy of Syria and Iran. This is one of the defining paradigms of 4th Generation war where the difference between the state and the non state seems to have been blurred. (Lind, 2004). Martin von Creveld also tends to support the premise set out hitherto fore by stating that unconventional wars waged against conventional forces are increasingly becoming the order of the day. (Creveld, 1991). The wars of the future are as per Creveld (1991) low intensity conflicts where tempo and intensity will be below that of conventional wars. Armies would increasingly have to tailor their resources to combat these types of conflicts as per Creveld (1991). This generational shift will evidently explain the emerging continuum of insurgencies which have transformed from massed revolutions of the 1940’s to network distributed conflicts of the 21st Century. This new revolution is thus replicating 4th and some would even argue 5th Generation warfare which is fought by non states and small groups, is driven by fundamentalist ideology and is technology fixated. The defining form of 4th Generation warfare is that the military has perhaps lost its primacy in waging wars and the state undoubtedly so. (Hammes, 2004). Thus the centre of gravity as is commonly understood in warfare and in the Clausewitzian trinity is no longer the military but the will of the people and the state to fight. (Hammes, 2004). Peters (1999) has also indicated these shifting trends where the American military which has invested so much in conventional weapons may find these irrelevant in wars of the future. This being the central theme, thus the targets become extremely diffused and are not necessarily military but include a series of possible networks within society such as political, economic, military, social and so on thereby ultimately impacting the mind of the populace to give up the fight. The Hezbollah and the Taliban have very well understood this theme. In the recent Lebanon war, Hezbollah rockets rained on civilian targets while the guerrillas were more attuned to take Israeli soldiers as prisoners. The Taliban is even more suave attempting to undermine the resolve of Western forces to wage war in Afghanistan by tactics such as kidnapping and hostage taking forcing states to accede to its demands. The United Nations is now planning to evolve a policy response for hostage taking such has been the impact of these unconventional means. The tactics used by the 4th Generation warrior to achieve his ends are innovative. The use of the small group is primary to success. In some cases even an individual terrorist can be used effectively to break the political will of the government and the people. The Madrid bombings would denote the most significant example of this new phenomenon which by targeting a large population and causing extensive casualties, the will of the government to fight a conventional war was effectively negated. The relevance of large groups operating in small nodes is also evident with Al Qaeda whose leaders have succeeded in remaining elusive for over half a decade even as the best technology and manpower seeks out Bin Laden across the globe achieving their aims with impunity across the globe. As per Creveld (1991), modern armed forces were organizationally and equipment wise not perfectly suited to fight such a war. Peters (1999) has also indicated that modern arms and armament may not be relevant to the wars of the future. What is of concern however is that conflict trends are already proliferating towards the next stage, 5th generation wars though this is still a disputed concept. Lind (2004) for instance argues that we have not yet fully assimilated the contours of 4th Generation wars, hence contemplating the next generation may be too premature. What then emerges is perhaps, â€Å"Four and a half generation of warfare† where the state is attempting to remain relevant in the years ahead. Others as Lane (Nd) are not so sure, they presage the diffusion of technology empowering individuals in the same way as states in the first three generations have been or the non state in the fourth one. What is remarkable about these postulates is that these are increasingly being made by non military thinkers. Ideology has a central role in 4th Generation warfare. Thus dogma is used to effectively link a large group of people spread across the globe. The aim of the warrior may not be per se a change in ideology itself, it would be merely to use emotional strings in beliefs, in religion, societies and governments to evoke mass reactions thereby achieving the central aim of the perpetrator to create discord. (Lane, Nd). The use of technology is very elucidative. It is used to leverage advantages of a networked organization, scalability of conflict, exploit information and create a borderless world. (Lane, Nd). The impact of media and technology would be evident with the video tapes of Osama Bin Laden regularly promulgated across the globe giving a message of blood and mayhem to followers of the faith. Technology and information is used as a medium to wage war as also as a target of conflict in 5th generation warfare. (Fifth Generation Warfare, 2005). The Cell phone for instance is a means of communication as well as a trigger rigged to remotely explode bombs in far off places. The adaptation of technology by fifth generation warriors is much faster than that of state warriors. The above survey would indicate that insurgency and revolutionary wars are increasingly replicating 4th and 5th Generation warfare fought by non states and small groups, driven by fundamentalist ideology and supported by technology. Thus as Wilcox and Wilson (2002) indicate warriors of the future will be organized along small independent action forces (SIAF) or cells without any need for a logistics base and with psychological rather than physical goals. We should not be surprised if both these generations exist simultaneously, where wars are increasingly fought by a triad of states, non states and empowered small groups. By seeing through these paradigms can we be better prepared to withstand its rigors.

Immanuel Kants Ethics Of Pure Duty and John Stuart Mills Utilitarian

Immanuel Kant's The Grounding For The Metaphysics of Morals and John Stuart Mill's Utilitarianism Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill are philosophers who addressed the issues of morality in terms of how moral traditions are formed. Immanuel Kant has presented one viewpoint in "The Grounding For The Metaphysics of Morals" that is founded on his belief that the worth of man is inherent in his ability to reason. John Stuart Mill holds another opinion as presented in the book, "Utilitarianism" that is seemingly in contention with the thoughts of Kant. What is most distinctive about the ethics of morality is the idea of responsibilities to particular individuals. According to Kant and Mill, moral obligations are not fundamentally particularistic in this way because they are rooted in universal moral principles. Mill and Kant are both philosophers whom have made great impact on their particular fields of philosophy and a critique of their theories in relation to each other may help develop a better understanding to them and their theories individually. Mill?s utilitarianism theory is a version of the ideal judgment theory. So is Kant?s, but there are differences. Mill holds an empiricist theory while Kant holds a rationalist theory. Kant grounds morality in forms that he believes, are necessary to free and rational practical judgment, namely his deontological ethics. Mill?s utilitarian theory is a form of consequentialism because the rightness or wrongness of an act is determined by the consequences. Thus, deontologicalism and consequentialism are the main criticisms for both these theories. Kant?s ethics of pure duty is the basis for his categorical imperative, which provides the basis for his universalist duty based theory. Mill?s theory of utilitarianism is a primary form of consequentialism. Both deontologicalism and consequentialism are valid points of argument to the ethics of an action but they are also argumentative towards each other. Mill, in his later work, On Liberty, adds deontologicalism to correct his consequentialis t view. John Stuart Mill, who made utilitarianism the subject of one of his philosophical treatise Utilitarianism (1863), is the most proficient defender of this doctrine after Jeremy Bentham. His contribution to the theory consists in his recognition of distinctions of quality, in addition to those of intensity, among pleasu... ... will is the distinction of rational beings to all else, we may take this direction to always respecting the will of others. However, Kant cannot expect that we never act contrary to someone's will because this could not be followed in a situation where wills conflict. It might be closer to Kant's idea to interpret him as requiring persons always to respect others as capable of acting for principles, and thus ably prepared to restrain our actions towards others if they or we could not will our maxim to be universal law. Works Cited: Mill, John Stuart, Utilitarianism, Hackett Publishing Company Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana, 1979, Original Publication, 1861 Kant Immanuel, Grounding For The Metaphysics Of Morals, Third Edition, Hackett Publishing Company Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana, 1993, Original Publication, 1785 Internet Sources Consulted Kant, Immanuel. â€Å"Selections from Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals.† Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals (1993): 104-112. Blackboard. Web. 12 Apr. 2015. Mill, John Stuart, Utilitarianism, N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Apr. 2015. .

From the Immigrants

The Emigrants by Edward Kamau Brathwaite The poem from The Emigrants by Edward Kamau Brathwaite is the thoughts of an indigenous inhabitant, the persona, thinking of the invasion that has been so abruptly brought upon them which they must now face. We know that the persona is one of the inhabitants because in line four and twelve, the repetition of â€Å"my† personalizes what is happening, coming from an inhabitant’s perspective. The themes perception versus reality, power, discovery and war throughout the poem explain and break down the content of the poem.Columbus, an explorer is searching for new lands for Queen Elizabeth, these tie in with the themes of discovery and power. He is discovers a new land that is inhabited by a race that he had never come across before. Lines eleven and twelve continue to tie in with the theme power, â€Å"deck watched heights he hoped for, rocks he dreamed, rise solid from my simple water. † Columbus believes that by discovering this new land he will not only obtain power and glory and riches from the Queen but also much more that he can obtain from this land.War and danger are also major themes in this poem. â€Å"As he watched the shore, the slaughter that his soldiers†¦Ã¢â‚¬  this shows us that Columbus’ invasion brought death and suffering to the inhabitants as they tried to protect themselves. Furthermore while referring to how the island tried to defend itself, the poet talks of the response of Mother Nature towards the invasion. â€Å"Parrots screamed†, emphasizes not only the disruption of nature but also how the parrots may have reacted to defend their habitat.In addition, â€Å"birds harshly hawking, without fear† and â€Å"Crabs snapped their claws† both continue to show the response of the natural habitat towards the invasion and how they will defend their land, showing Columbus that he is not welcome. For this reason, Columbus men retaliate and fight the indig enous people’s defense resulting in all out war. These themes slowly flow into a major theme, perception versus reality. In stanza twenty one the last four lines of this stanza are significant, â€Å"What did this journey mean, this ew world mean: dis- covery? Or a return to terrors he had sailed from. Known before? † These lines are significant because, Columbus has just left Spain after Spain is experiencing political controversies and he perceives that by discovering new land he will escape from this and hopefully put a stop to these fights within Spain’s empire.However, when Columbus discovers this land that is already inhabited and that he must now fight for it, the true reality is that he has left one fight, in Spain, to enter another, in this â€Å"new world. In the poem from The Emigrants its form gives us an idea of what actions are going to take place or are already taking place. The form of the poem is free verse, in addition, there is little punctua tion and the lines of the poem are broken up. The poet’s decision to use little punctuation gives an idea that the persona, an indigenous inhabitant of the island, is having continuous thoughts of ideas and actions of this abrupt invasion of Columbus and his people.This also ties in with the poem’s main form, free verse, the poem’s content, the persona’s thoughts are fluently and freely being stated mentally. Figuratively speaking, in a way, as each thought or idea comes to the persona’s mind, the poet quickly takes note of it. In addition, the poem is breaking into many stanzas also ties in with the above statements. An example of this can be seen in lines thirty four and thirty five where the word â€Å"discovery† is broken after its first syllable and carried on to the next line, â€Å"new world mean: dis- covery?Or a return to terrors. Even though throughout the poem the stanzas are broken apart mid sentence, these lines are not only si gnificant because they are broken apart by a word but also because it helps emphasize and symbolize the disruption and destruction that has been brought upon the island. Throughout the poem the poet uses many figurative. Such devices are onomatopoeia, alliteration, repetition, oxymoron and irony. An example of repetition can be seen in lines ten and twenty five â€Å"Columbus from his after-†, it is repetition because both lines are exactly the same.In addition, some examples of onomatopoeia and alliteration can be seen in lines seven â€Å"flapping flag†, eight â€Å"harshly hawking† and thirty eight â€Å"splashing silence. † These are examples of onomatopoeia because flapping, hawking and splashing are all sounds while the phrases are also examples of alliteration because respectively, there is the repetition of the f, h and s consonants. However, â€Å"splashing silence† is not only an example of onomatopoeia and alliteration but it is also an example of oxymoron. An oxymoron is where contradictory terms are joined together to form a phrase or statement. Splashing silence is an oxymoron because it is contradicting itself, where â€Å"splashing† makes a sound and whereas when there is â€Å"silence† there are no hearable sounds. As stated in the previous paragraph where there is a case of the word â€Å"discovery† breaking apart after its first syllable, it is also a form of irony. It is ironic because you can’t discover something that has already been discovered and is now being inhabited by a different race. It can also be interpreted cynically, where the writer can be seen as cynical towards Columbus and his actions.

Phil 235 Paternalism Essay

Paternalism in the Medical Profession Philosophy 235 EC: Biomedical Ethics â€Å"The only appropriate and realistic model of the Dr.? patient relationship is paternalism. Doctors are the medical experts; most patients have little, if any, reliable medical knowledge; implicit trust in one’s physician is essential to the healing process; and doctors have the responsibility for our health and therefore have the duty to make all the important medical decisions. † Critically assess that claim. The issue of doctor patient relationships has become more and more prevalent in our world today.It is hard to draw a clear line in deciding what the appropriate roles are of both the patient and the medical professional. The claim that the paternalistic model is the appropriate and most realistic model will be argued in this paper. This model states that the doctor is the one in complete control, making all decisions on behalf of the patient, and the patient grants the doctor this resp onsibility, obeying any orders. In this model, patients act as children, who are ignorant and unknowledgeable, and doctors act as parents, not only guiding the child in the right direction, but also, actually telling them what to do.Should doctors really hold complete responsibility for our health? Should they be the ones to make all the important medical decisions without patients having any say? This model will be argued in this paper in order to critically assess whether it should be dominant in our present society. â€Å"The traditional view held by physicians themselves was that the physician is the captain of the ship, and that the patient has to follow orders. † This view has only been strongly believed since the 19th and 20th century, when medical professionals were granted almost complete control over all decision making by their patients.Before that time, going to see a doctor was perceived as a last resort, and many would ignore their doctor’s advice altoget her. Over time, this view has shifted and society began to believe that physicians â€Å"knew best, and therefore had not only the right but also the duty to make the decision. † Today, less and less citizens are continuing to agree with this point of view, and instead other doctor patient relationship models have emerged and been identified by Robert Veatch: the engineering model, the priestly model, the collegial, and the contractual model.The three alternative models to the priestly (paternalistic) model have emerged from a more contemporary perspective. The engineering model states that the relationship between the two parties would be nothing more than the doctor simply presenting the patient with the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment options. Any decision as to which route to take is left entirely up to the patient. As the textbook explains, the doctor is nothing more than an â€Å"applied scientist†, or a â€Å"plumber without any moral integrity†, sinc e ethics and values do not come into play in this relationship.Although I do not entirely agree with this model, the responsibility is lifted off of the physician, and the patient is given freedom to decide. This would follow the argument of self-determination, as said by Dr. Ornstein. This is the belief that all people who are competent should be the ones in control of determining their own fate. Society has not always believed or relied on medical professionals. In fact â€Å"until well into the nineteenth century, the physician was seen as a figure of last resort. † They were deemed useless and even harmful.With this in mind, I wonder why in our day and age, we would rely even more on physicians than we did in the past? Today, we have the privilege of finding out almost anything we need to know within minutes via the Internet, and that is why sometimes, it is the patient that knows more than his own doctor. It is important that patients assume some level of responsibility for their own health, instead of relying on doctors, and the engineering model would display that type of behavior. That is another reason why I oppose the claim that paternalism is the ideal relationship between doctor and patient.Another alternative model identified by Robert Veatch, is the collegial model. This theory emphasizes that both parties are connected through common goals and interests, and that each acts as an independent equal. This model would suggest that the parties work together, and therefore the responsibility is divided equally amongst the patient and physician. There is collaboration here, engaging in activities, which are satisfying to both, and demonstrating an adult-adult relationship, because no one party has greater control over the other.This model goes hand in hand with the partnership model, which expresses that health care professionals and their patients act as partners or colleagues in the pursuit of the shared value of health. There is mutual partic ipation in this model, which demonstrates that, unlike the paternalistic model, the patient can help come to a medical decision. This model stresses, â€Å"the patient uses expert help to realize his ends. † This expert help can come in many forms, and as I have previously mentioned, today society is exposed to numerous modes of gathering any type of information that is of interest.It is of course obvious that the physician has a stronger medical background and is more competent in that field, but that does not diminish the participation or contribution of the patient. With that being said, it is my opinion that the paternalistic model has clearly outgrown our culture, when there are models such as the partnership or collegial model, which are more in sync with our world today. Finally, the third alternative to the paternalistic model is the contractual model.This model is similar to paternalism, in that it questions the assumptions of equality, however it differs in that the re is a â€Å"contract† between both parties, leaving each with their own dignity and moral authority. What is crucial about this model is that it does not neglect the fact that there is an obvious difference in the degree of knowledge between the patient and the physician. Instead of focusing on that discrepancy, the model concentrates on the agreement between the two parties to exchange goods and services and the enforcement of that by government sanctions.In other words, this model compromises between partnership and the reality of medical care, and according to Veatch, is the only realistic way to share all responsibility, while protecting various parties in health care. For example, both parties are freely entering this contract, and therefore are both given the right to leave it, given proper notice. However, while partaking in the contract, there are duties and obligations of each, which may neglect virtues of benevolence, care and compassion, which we do see stressed in other models.Leaving aside the three alternatives to the paternalistic model, there are several other arguments, which come to surface, when critically assessing the above-mentioned claim. The first is that doctors must act like parents because patients know much less than doctors do. This emphasizes the idea that the doctor patient relationship should be one of paternalism. This argument takes into account two different prototypes. The first is the parent-infant relationship, where the parent is the doctor, taking on an active role and the infant is the patient, taking on a passive role.In this case the patient is extremely dependent on the medical professional. The second is the parent-adolescent child relationship, where the physician guides the patient in the right direction, and the patient co-operates to the degree of obeying. Both suggest that the patient has no responsibility, and that the duty and obligation of all decisions rest on the shoulders of the physician. This p roposes that patients are ignorant and unknowledgeable and given the opportunity to make their own decision, they would not be able to.It is likely that doctors know more than the average member of society, however, this is not to say that they are infallible, mistakes can happen. As Professor Ornstein has stated, we cannot choose our fathers, but we can choose our doctors, and in my opinion there is no connection where the two should be related. If a patient feels they should seek out a second, third or fourth opinion, that is their own right. Unlike the ability to seek out a second, third or fourth father. We do not have this option.It is possible and even probable that doctors will differ in their views, and each may guide their patient down a different path. Although a relationship between a physician and a patient should be based on a degree of trust and loyalty, if there is any sort of uncertainty, patients should not feel the pressure of following a path they do not believe i n. Getting another opinion is not disloyal or disrespectful; it is a patient’s right. Additionally, today more patients recognize that it is unfair for doctors to take complete responsibility for our welfare, as we are exposed to so much free medical information.It is my opinion that it is the patient’s duty to also act responsible for his or her own welfare. Another argument that I have come across to oppose this claim is that doctors may be experts in medical matters but there may be other factors to take into account, such as ethical issues, when making a decision. Each doctor has taken an oath, to save lives. This is their main concern, and their main goal for each patient. One must wonder, whether or not this is always ethical. As Professor Ornstein has suggested, do we save someone who as a result must live the rest of his or her life in agonizing pain?Or do we relieve them of that pain, and simply allow them to pass away? This is an ethical issue where many doct ors may have opposing points of view, and may decide that their job would be to save the patient. That would be a paternalistic instinct however; medical decisions should not be purely medical all the time. There are always other factors to consider such as the medical conditions of the patient, their preferences, the quality of life and the socio economic conditions. Each, of course, is given a weight dependent on the specifics and circumstances of the case.In the case of a patient who is experiencing excruciating pain, the doctor may come to the conclusion that the best option would be to remedy that pain with medication. It is important to note, that this paternalistic act is ignoring all ethical issues and only taking medicine into account. Opposing this notion would be to consider how this medication might cloud the patient’s judgment, or recognizing the patient’s preferences prior to formulating a medical decision. Doctors might be experts in medical matters, but the other factors, which are necessary to take into consideration, deem the paternalistic view inadequate.A final argument against the paternalistic view is that physician-patient interactions are negotiations. Viewing the interactions as negotiations, is in itself opposing paternalism because the patient is given some level of autonomy to take part in the decision making process. The goal is to reach a mutual agreement. In order to do so, there are certain steps that must be followed. Firstly, the negotiation should involve adequate disclosures by both parties. This is necessary, so that values and objectives are clear, and a fair negotiation can take place. Secondly, the negotiation should be voluntary, meaning uncoerced.Neither party should feel threatened while entering into the negotiation process. And finally, the solution should be one of mutual acceptance. Of course there are occasions where negotiation is not possible, and that would be for example in the case of an emerge ncy, when the physician needs to save the patient without negotiating beforehand. In that case, the medical professional may act in a paternalistic way, however if there is a competent patient, negotiation is possible and can often be characterized in terms of any of the above-mentioned models (parent-child, friends, partners, etc. ).The aspect that the relationship is seen as a negotiation counters the paternalistic view, in that the patient is given choice. If the patient chooses to give up his autonomy, and lay his destiny in the hands of his physician, that is his preference, unlike the paternalistic model, where that is not a choice, but the only way. The paternalistic model is not the only realistic relationship between doctor and patient. â€Å"As a normative model, paternalism tends to concentrate on care rather than respect, patients’ needs rather than their rights, and physicians’ discretion rather than patients’ autonomy or self determination. As I h ave mentioned previously, there are many other factors that must always be taken into consideration when dealing with a patient. Autonomy, self-determination, and respect, are surely incredibly important when dealing with a patient, and paternalism ignores those factors. The above-mentioned arguments, and alternative relationship models, clearly oppose the claim that paternalism is the only appropriate relationship. As I had asked the questions: Should doctors really hold complete responsibility for our health?Should they be the ones to make all the important medical decisions without patients having any say? I believe the answer to both questions is quite clear, that the responsibility should be shared, and the patient, if capable, should take part in the decision making process. That being said, paternalism is not the most appropriate model and no one relationship trumps another. Instead, all must be taken into account depending on circumstance.

Essay on Obesity as a Risk Factor of Breast CancerEssay Writing Service

Essay on Obesity as a Risk Factor of Breast CancerEssay Writing Service Essay on Obesity as a Risk Factor of Breast Cancer Essay on Obesity as a Risk Factor of Breast CancerObesity is one of the most serious public health concerns. The statistical data provided by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention shows that in all 50 states there is â€Å"20% prevalence of obesity among adults† (Dannenberg Berger, p. 62). According to research, obesity is associated with increased risks of different types of cancers, including breast (postmenopausal) cancer (Obesity and Cancer Risk, 2014). It has been found that the National Cancer Institute and American Cancer Society pay due attention to this problem, providing adequate research on the public profile associated with the growth of breast cancer and its risk factors, in order to find effective methods to reduce incidence rate. The high incidence of breast cancer in obese women is caused by a number of factors, including nutritional factors, psychological factors and physical activity factors. For example, high-fat and low-fibre diets contribute to the weight gain. Actually, the mechanism of breast cancer is focused on the conjunction of improper nutrition with inadequate physical activity and â€Å"excessive weight gain at the time of a major change in hormonal balance† (Stoll, 2006, p. 389). These factors contribute to insulin resistance, while the concomitants of hyper-insulinaemia synergized with estrogen, stimulate the development of breast cancer. In other words, the concomitants of hyper-insulinaemia affect the growth of disease, ensuring its promotion in obese patients and requiring surgery for early breast cancer. Thesis statement: Obesity is one of the risk factors of breast cancer that can be avoided by means of the proper nutrition combined with adequate physical activity. The major goal of this paper is to analyze obesity as a risk factor of breast cancer.Obesity can be defined as â€Å"a condition in which a person has an abnormally high and unhealthy proportion of body fat† (Obesity and Cancer Risk, 2014). In other to provide obesity measurement, it is necessary to use the body mass index (BMI) that can be calculated by division of an individual’s weight by his/her height squared. Obese people have BMI of 30.0 and above, overweight people – 25.0 29.9, compared to people of normal weight who have BMI of 18.5 24.9 (Obesity and Cancer Risk, 2014).There is a close relationship between obesity and breast cancer. Many epidemiological studies point out to the fact that obese women are at high risk of developing postmenopausal breast cancer (Stoll, 2006).   It has been found that â€Å"higher body mass index is associated with a more advanced stage of breast cancer at diagnosis in terms of tumor size but data on lymph node status is not so consistent† (Carmichael Bates, 2004). In other words, practically all obese women have high blood insulin levels, causing the development of the condition known as hyper-insulinemia or the so-called insulin resistance. This condition promotes the growth of tumors (Obesity and Cancer Risk, 2014).In addition, fat cells have the ability to produce hormones, which are known as Adipokines that may promote stimulation or inhibition of cell growth. For example, leptin may increase cell proliferation, while Adiponectin has anti-proliferative effects (Obesity and Cancer Risk, 2014). Besides, fat cells may influence other tumor growth regulators, which lead to â€Å"subacute† inflammation and increased cancer risk. There are many other factors caused by obesity that lead to high cancer risk, including â€Å"altered immune responses, effects on the nuclear factor kappa beta system, and oxidative stress† (Obesity and Cancer Risk, 2014).There are some recommendations for obese women to decrease the risk of breast cancer. These recommendations are based on the findings taken from the new studies on the ways to decrease the risk of breast cancer and on the studies regarding the benefits of physica l exercises and low-fat and high-fibre diets practices by cancer survivors.First of all, obese women should pay due attention to their weight control. According to experts, â€Å"the most conclusive way to test whether avoiding weight gain or losing weight will decrease the risk of cancer is through a controlled clinical trial† (Obesity and Cancer Risk, 2014). It has been found that obese women should lose weight in order to reduce the risk of developing a wide range of chronic diseases, including breast cancer.Second, physical exercises can help to decrease the risk of breast cancer. Experts consider that obese women should exercise for more than 2-3 hours a week in order to use physical activity as the beneficial tool aimed at decreasing the risk of breast cancer. The best option is to have at least 30 minutes of physical exercises every day. Some of the most popular types of physical activity for obese women include walking, jumping, swimming, dancing and even cleaning a r oom/house. There are several important reasons that can give explanation to the usefulness of physical activity. Physical exercises help to reduce weight and body fat, decreasing the circulation of hormones that promote breast cancer cells growth. In addition, physical activity can â€Å"improve insulin resistance, reducing the risk of diabetes, which has been tied to the risk of a number of cancers, including breast† (Stefanek Boughton, 2010, p. 7). In general, regular physical exercises help to lose weight effectively, maintaining a healthy weight for a long time, and easing a wide range of other physical problems and conditions, such as fatigue, muscle loss, heart problems, osteoporosis, and other health problems.Third, the proper nutrition can help to decrease the risk of breast cancer in obese women. Healthy diets contribute to weight loss, providing an opportunity to become more active. It is recommended to eat a variety of healthy food, including â€Å"vegetables, fr uits, whole grains, nonfat dairy products, beans and lean meats, poultry and fish† (Stefanek Boughton, 2010, p. 8). In addition, it is recommended to control portion sizes, which should not be too large. In order to decrease the risk of breast cancer, it is necessary to eat foods that are rich in vitamins, minerals and fiber.Thus, it is necessary to conclude that obesity is really a serious public health concern that causes breast cancer in many obese or overweight women. Fat cells produce hormones which promote the growth of breast cancer cells. A number of observational studies show that there is relationship between obesity and cancer risk; therefore it is necessary to decrease the risks of breast cancer through weight loss. In addition, obese women should place emphasis on regular physical exercises and healthy nutrition.

Definition and Examples of Semantic Satiation

Definition and Examples of Semantic Satiation Definition Semantic satiation is a phenomenon whereby the uninterrupted repetition of a word eventually leads to a sense that the word has lost its meaning. This effect is also known as  semantic saturation or verbal satiation. The concept of semantic satiation was described by E. Severance and M.F. Washburn in The American Journal of Psychology in 1907. The term was introduced by psychologists Leon James and Wallace E. Lambert in the article Semantic Satiation Among Bilinguals in the Journal of Experimental Psychology (1961). For most people, the way theyve experience semantic satiation is in a playful context: deliberately repeating a single word over and over again just to get to that sensation when  it stops feeling like an actual word. However, this phenomenon can appear in more subtle ways. For instance, writing teachers will often insist that students use repeated words with care, not just because it demonstrates a better vocabulary  and a more eloquent style,  but to avoid the loss of significance. Overuse of strong words, such as words with intense connotations or profanity, can also fall victim to semantic satiation and lose their intensity.   See Examples and Observations below. For related concepts, also see: BleachingEpimoneGrammatical Oddities That You Probably Never Heard About in SchoolPronunciationSemantics Examples and Observations I began to indulge in the wildest fancies as I lay there in the dark, such as that there was no such town, and even that there was no such state as New Jersey. I fell to repeating the word Jersey over and over again, until it became idiotic and meaningless. If you have ever lain awake at night and repeated one word over and over, thousands and millions and hundreds of thousands of millions of times, you know the disturbing mental state you can get into.(James Thurber, My Life and Hard Times, 1933)Have you ever tried the experiment of saying some plain word, such as dog, thirty times? By the thirtieth time it has become a word like snark or pobble. It does not become tame, it becomes wild, by repetition.(G.K. Chesterton, The Telegraph Poles. Alarms and Discursions, 1910)A Closed LoopIf we pronounce a word over and over again, rapidly and without pause, then the word is felt to lose meaning. Take any word, say, CHIMNEY. Say it repeatedly and in rapid succession. Within some seconds, th e word loses meaning. This loss is referred to as semantic satiation. What seems to happen is that the word forms a kind of closed loop with itself. One utterance leads into a second utterance of the same word, this leads into a third, and so on. . . . [A]fter repeated pronunciation, this meaningful continuation of the word is blocked since, now, the word leads only to its own recurrence.(I.M.L. Hunter, Memory, rev. ed. Penguin, 1964) The MetaphorSemantic satiation is a metaphor of sorts, of course, as if neurons are little creatures to be filled up with the word until their little bellies are full, they are sated and want no more. Even single neurons habituate; that is, they stop firing to a repetitive pattern of stimulation. But semantic satiation affects our conscious experience, not just individual neurons.(Bernard J. Baars, In the Theater of Consciousness: The Workspace of the Mind. Oxford University Press, 1997)Disconnection of Signifier and Signified- If you stare continuously at a word (alternatively, listen to it over and over), the signifier and signified eventually appear to fall apart. The aim of the exercise is not to alter vision or hearing but to disrupt the internal organization of the sign. . . . You continue to see the letters but they no longer make the word; it, as such, has vanished. The phenomenon is called semantic satiation (first identified by Severance Washburn 1907), or loss of the sign ified concept from the signifier (visual or acoustic).(David McNeill, Gesture and Thought. University of Chicago Press, 2005)- [B]y saying a word, even a significant one, over and over again . . . you will find that the word has been transformed into a meaningless sound, as repetition drains it of its symbolic value. Any male who has served in, let us say, the United States Army or spent time in a college dormitory has had this experience with what are called obscene words . . .. Words that you have been taught not to use and that normally evoke an embarrassed or disconcerted response, when used too often, are stripped of their power to shock, to embarrass, to call attention to a special frame of mind. They become only sounds, not symbols.(Neil Postman, Technopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology. Alfred A. Knopf, 1992) OrphanWhy has my fathers death left me feeling so alone, when he hasnt been a part of my life in seventeen years? Im an orphan. I repeat the word out loud, over and over again, listening to it bounce off the walls of my childhood bedroom until it makes no sense.Loneliness is the theme, and I play it like a symphony, in endless variations.(Jonathan Tropper, The Book of Joe. Random House, 2004)Boswell on the Effects of Intense Inquiry (1782)Words, the representations, or rather signs of ideas and notions in the human race, though habitual to all of us, are, when abstractly considered, exceedingly wonderful; in so much, that by endeavouring to think of them with a spirit of intense inquiry, I have been affected even with giddiness and a kind of stupor, the consequence of having ones faculties stretched in vain. I suppose this has been experienced by many of my readers, who in a fit of musing, have tried to trace the connection between a word of ordinary use and its meaning, repeating th e word over and over again, and still starting in a kind of foolish amazement, as if listening for information from some secret power in the mind itself.(James Boswell [The Hypochondriack], On Words. The London Magazine, or, Gentlemans Monthly Intelligencer, Volume 51, February 1782)

Is college worth the cost(investment) to attend Essay

Is college worth the cost(investment) to attend - Essay Example People believe that their investments would be returned to them in spite of high price for education. People dream about numerous chances and opportunities of having higher returns after their investments into education. At the same time, there are different political parties, which, on the one hand, promote their social shifts through educational institutions, but, on the other hand, do not want to make reliable investments in education. Argument 1 Different prospects of higher returns are often misunderstood by people and they are often concerned about financial side of education and its high financial returns. Quality of education and personal striving in this process is often omitted. Education requires a high emotional and mind contribution. Different studies of the past years summarize the following assumptions about education: â€Å"the idea that college is an excellent investment paying a high return in terms of lifetime income has been buttressed by numerous studies over the years purporting to show that college graduates earn a large premium over a lifetime in comparison to individuals who earn only a high school diploma or who attend some college without completing a four-year degree† (Wood 210). Again the matter is about financial and material side of the education. There is no word about qualitative and emotional load of education. A high intellectual attainment is very much required from the stud ents in the process of education. Educational institutions are on the way of improvement of their potential goals. A marketplace credential and a diploma of higher education are two different things. There is no way to compare them. A student’s wholeness and intellectual attainment are proved by the diploma. Intellectual maturity and mind’s ability to produce emotional and creative power should be the main points for confirmation in the process of higher education. Argument 2 The University has often been

Individual Reflection on Group Experience Essay

Individual Reflection on Group Experience - Essay Example As a result of a fact acceptance of the single mode of connectivity which has developed on the lines of internet powered virtual platform in various corners of the world, the world has been transformed into a single connected global entity. This has increasingly paved the way for easy synchronization of various trends related to globalization that are emerging from the different corners of the world. In discussing the trends of globalization, it has to be considered that in most cases, the trends originate from the developed countries and slowly gets diffused in the emerging economies. Because of this shift in trend, related to globalization, there is a continuous emergence of various business opportunities. Most of these business opportunities are highly innovative in nature, while some are routinely traditional in nature. However, the evolution of the new business opportunities simply represents the fact that various companies around the world will be trying to gain advantage of th e opportunity that is evolving in these new markets. So, automatically, this will fuel an increase in competition. Now, in order to gain an edge in the marketplace, with regards to the locally as well as internationally promoted competition, the organizations needs to have a very cost efficient structure of management. When an organization embraces a lean structure for employee management, it brings in the concept of getting more work done from the employees of the organization. Also, it has to be considered that in today’s highly connected global environment, employees of an organization are no longer bounded to their respective cubicles or workstations on a timely manner. Rather the concepts of flexi timing, work from home enables employees to stay connected to their workplaces through the virtual world on a minute and hour basis. However, despite organization and lifestyle based adjustments in the society, companies work in a structured and layered formation, when it comes to daily activities. Organizations have various divisions and groups of people who handle diversified job related functionalities for the organization, either being physically present or being virtually present. Often these groups needs to be directed and made to work in perfect synchronization with each other under the able leadership of a efficient team manager or team lead. While a team leader or a senior manager managing the group provides directional support, it is the members of the team whose seamless collaboration and cooperation with each other helps an organization of varying dimension to achieve its day to day objectives as well as short and long term goals. It can be stated in a very simple manner, that group work either in the physical or in the virtual mode promotes an environment where members of a group can effectively learn, collaborate and communicate in a very smooth manner. Effective and successful group work also helps in a great way in developing the morale of the employees of an organization which promotes an environment of physical as well as virtual workplace. In this particular case, the focus is on analyzing as well as studying the effectiveness of group work among a collective group of students who were made to work in a group format for the purpose of handling of assignments of an academic nature. Evolution of the group over the term From the theoretical point of view,

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Research Paper

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) - Research Paper Example .............9 Section Three 3.1 Treatment and results........................................................11 References...............................................................................15 Post-traumatic stress disorder Section One 1.1 History Post-traumatic stress disorder is an anxiety disorder that is precipitated by a traumatic event, usually a life-threatening situation either for the individual, or for a bystander that the individual is witnessing. When the period of adjusting and coping does not abate after a short length of time and the traumatic responses have only gotten worse, an individual is usually then diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder. Even though the American Psychiatric Association only began recognizing post-traumatic stress disorder in the early 1980s, and thus including it in the Diagnostic Manual of Mental Disorders, this anxiety disorder has been noted to have been around for many centuries. Many of the apparent causes of post-trauma tic stress disorder, which will be discussed in-depth in due time, most of which involve putting the lives of others at risk, have been around since the dawn of mankind. Battle, the tragic loss of a loved one, or else someone finding themselves in a situation in which their safety is compromised have all been a part of the human experience. As such, it can be assumed that post-traumatic stress disorder dates back thus far. ... This was before the disorder was officially recognized. It was not until the aftermath of the Vietnam War that the intensity of post-traumatic stress disorder became clear, though it was originally classified as a disorder directly connected to the Vietnam War itself (Fredericks, 2010). The veterans, many of whom were diagnosed with what was first known as post-Vietnam syndrome, became active in making it known that post-traumatic stress disorder was a real disorder, one that needed proper research so that treatment could be given. 1.2 Symptoms The symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder normally do not make themselves known until approximately three months after a traumatic event. However, there have been some cases in which symptoms did not appear for many years after the individual experienced or witnessed the event. There are three categories that symptoms pertaining to post-traumatic stress disorder are grouped, which are intrusive memories, avoidance and numbing, and increas ed anxiety or emotional arousal. Intrusive memories: When a person shows symptoms related to intrusive memories, they have flashbacks or dreams about the event. They tend to relive the event for many minutes at a time, though some patients have relived the traumatic experience for days at a time. These flashbacks and dreams are undesirable to the individual, constantly reminding them of what took place and causing them to feel anxious. Avoidance and numbing: In response to traumatic events, most people prefer to cope by avoiding anything to do with the event. However, someone who has is suffering from or has developed post-traumatic stress disorder really goes out of the way to avoid reminders of the event that took place. They avoid talking and

History and Culture Essay Example for Free

History and Culture Essay Too long the country has been deprived of its national pride and independence. By 1911-1912, the foreigners were everywhere. The best way was to use them as sponsors for our changes, and let them call me â€Å"a dictator [corrupt and †¦ brutal] surrounding himself as soon as he could with some of the most despicable Chinese agents of the old regime; favoured [†¦] by foreign financiers [in the lust for] money and power and the means of extravagance and debauchery. † This year, the things are really disastrous. Chinas foreign debt reaches 900 million taels. The dynasty has gone bankrupt undertaking expensive reforms of the governmental administration, military and educational system. The new regime followed the West in the enchantment with democratic elements of constitution, representative assemblies, separation of governmental powers, and political parties. On my side, I was more interested to pacify gentry and to centralize state power having been dissolved after foreign intrusions and imperialistic affairs. For me as President, therefore, the prior task is to obtain the loan from the Four Group Powers in order to keep a strong and obedient military resource to establish the right type of government. My fame played to the benefit of the task. I do remember how Dr. Morrison, the then political adviser to the Chinese Government, was trading with Mr. Crisp, the head of the firm of C. B. Crisp Co, about the loan to pay for our administration needs this year, in 1912. We needed it badly in order not to depend so greatly on the Four Power Group, not to speak about Russia and Japan with their greed in regard to concessions. Then, the last persuasion for the â€Å"hard nut† Crisp to lend us ? 10,000,000 was delivered by Morrison in the words about my dictatorial position being the â€Å"benefit† of China. I am afraid, though, that we will have to owe the Four Group Allies ? 500,000,000, at the rate of ? 100,000,000 a year, not to forget about Japan and Russia trying to cut the fattest pieces of our cake in terms of territory, commerce and politics. Now I shall speak about my plans for the future. I really want to establish a â€Å"no-squeeze policy. † I believe that the modern Chinese state and nation should be centralised. The first step to do is to preserve the capital, thus, the centre of administrative authority, in Peking for the whole period of my office of President. Second, as I have never been a republican, I think about establishing a sort of a military dictatorship. I was often called the â€Å"strong man,† â€Å"a reputed reactionary,† and â€Å"arbitrary, tyrannical and self-indulgent† by my contemporaries, and, no doubt, I will be labelled like this by later researchers. My political opponents from the Kuomintang went even further referencing to me as nothing more than â€Å"[t]he fat bewhiskered general†. But even they can not deny that it was I who could build a strong army and placating fighting camps. That is why, in my opinion, there is no need to let those wordy democrats to spend time, effort and money on elections and the qualifications of voters. Let me stay â€Å"the strong dispenser of law and order† identifying the course of state policy by myself. Consequently, I plan to get rid of those tries to establish â€Å"popular sovereignty in the form of political parties and representative assemblies. † I watch them reorganising Sun Yat-sens Revolutionary Alliance into the Guomindang, or Nationalist Party, to dominate National Assembly after its election in December, 1912. I know that the trifle show with democratic elections for National/provincial/county assemblies could jeopardise the institute of centralised power I am planning to introduce. Later on, I will force the National Assembly to elect me as president for a long term, better for five years. Then, I will kick the Guomindang from the parliament because they are likely to assume too much political weight. The best solution will be also to dissolve all the assemblies that resemble a boiling pot, so â€Å"risky and messy† they are. Finally, I will do my best to consolidate all the state power in the hands of one person, and that person would be I. The best form to centralise power is monarchy, how ever discredited it has become. How about the British or Japanese constitutional model of the Emperor co-existing with the parliament? Lately, the title of â€Å"Grand Constitutional Emperor† has occurred to my mind as the best definition of the political system I want to achieve. Reanimating Confucianism as a state religion, there would be a chance to resurrect also the ideology of monarchism and to get back to traditional values, seeing also to the better economic and education opportunities to provide the nation with wealth and development. Bibliography Bowman, John S. , ed. Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. New York: Columbia University Press, 2000. Cantlie, James, and C. Sheridan Jones. Sun Yat Sen and the Awakening of China. New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1912. Croly, Herbert. Willard Straight. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1924. Eastman, Lloyd E. â€Å"The May Fourth Movement as a Historical Turning Point: Ecological Exhaustion, Militarization, and Other Causes of Chinas Modern Crisis. † In Perspectives on Modern China: Four Anniversaries, edited by Thomas P. Bernstein et al. Armonk, NY: An East Gate Book, 1991, 123-138. Hyndman, H. M. The Awakening of Asia. New York: Boni and Liveright, 1919. Leang-Li, TAng. China in Revolt: How a Civilization Became a Nation. London: N. Douglas, 1927.